STAR: Multimedia speech databases

Child speech-error database

The filterable child speech-error database was created using multiple audio-articulatory speech disorder corpora. Database items are composite videos containing (i) midsagittal tongue movement, imaged with ultrasound tongue imaging (UTI), (ii) optional profile lip movement, recorded with a headset-mounted camera, and (iii) synchronised audio. Recordings in this database are of single words, or short phrases, produced by child speakers who were either reading orthographic stimuli from a screen, naming pictures, or repeating words produced by a researcher. All children in these corpora are from the eastern central region of Scotland. Phonemic transcriptions are provided in order that those who are not familiar with the (rhotic) central Scottish accent can be aware of the speech sound targets. These targets will not be suitable for speakers with different accents of English. Diagnoses are based on clinicians' reports.

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affricate stopping replacement of an affricate with a plosive.

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	giraffe	ʤ	postalveolar	onset	/dʒɪˈraf/	[ɡəwaːf]

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	jam	ʤ	postalveolar	onset	/dʒam/	[tʰaːm]
	ojo	ʤ	postalveolar	intervocalic	/ˌoˈdʒoː/	[oːtʰoː]

affrication replacement of a plosive with an affricate.

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
dagger	d	alveolar	onset	/daɡər/	[dʒadɔᵊ]
goo	g	velar	onset	/ɡʉː/	[dʒʉː]
gown	g	velar	onset	/ɡʌʉn/	/dʒaʉn/
gut	t	alveolar	coda	/ɡʌt/	[dʌtʰ]
thicker	k	dental	intervocalic	/θɪkər/	[fɪ̽ʔtʃə]

alveolar backing replacement of an alveolar consonant with a consonant with a backer place of articulation, e.g. palatal, velar, uvular etc.

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	scissors	s	alveolar	onset	/ˈsɪzərz/	[ʃɪ̃z̥ɐ̃z̥]

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	date	d	alveolar	onset	/det/	[ɡeʔ(.)dᵊɡɛʔ(.)det]
	tore	t	alveolar	onset	/tor/	[tco(.)kʰoɐ]

assimilation (progressive partial)

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	tigger	g	velar	intervocalic	/tɪɡər/	[tʰɪdəɹ]

assimilation (progressive) a consonant becomes like a sound that occurs later in the syllable/word.

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	giddy	g	velar	onset	/ˈɡɪde/	[tʰɪ̽de]

assimilation (regressive) a consonant becomes, completely or partially, like a sound that occurred earlier in the syllable/word.

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
coot	t	alveolar	coda	/kʉt/	[kʰʲʉk]
digger	g	velar	intervocalic	/ˈdɪɡər/	[dɪdəɹ̥]
tactic	k	velar	coda	/ˈtaktɪk/	[tʰaʔtɪʔ(.)tʰ]

cluster reduction deletion of one or more consonants in a cluster.

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	square	s	alveolar	onset	/skwer/	[k'wẽɐ̃]

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
butterfly	l	alveolar	onset	/ˈbʌtərˌflae/	[bʌʔdəfae]
ghost	t	alveolar	coda	/ɡost/	[dos]
school	k	velar	onset	/skʉl/	[sʉəlˠ]
snake	n	alveolar	onset	/snek/	[sek']
square	k	velar	onset	/skwer/	[tsʷwea]

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
biscuit	k	velar	onset	/ˈbɪskɪt/	[bɪsːɪ̽t̥]
crab	r	alveolar	onset	/krab/	[kʰaːpʰ]
zebra	r	alveolar	onset	/ˈzɛbra/	[z̥ɛbaː]

consonant deletion deletion of a consonant segment.

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	feather	ð	dental	intervocalic	/ˈfɛðər/	[fɛʌˤː]
	toothbrush	θ	dental	coda	/ˈtʉθˌbrʌʃ/	[tʰʉbʌːs]

consonant insertion insertion of a consonant segment.

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	sausage	s	alveolar	onset	/ˈsɔsɪdʒ/	[kʃːkʰɔːʃɪ̽z̥]

deaffrication replacement of an affricate with a fricative.

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	orange	ʤ	postalveolar	coda	/ˈɔrɪndʒ/	[ɔ̃ɹʷɪ̃ŋɡʃː]

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	luggage	ʤ	postalveolar	coda	/ˈlʌɡɪdʒ/	[lʌd̪ɛd̥z̥]

debuccalisation replacement of an oral consonant with a glottal one, usually [h] or [ʔ].

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	crab	k	velar	onset	/krab/	[¡hβ̞ãːb̥]
	sixteen	s	alveolar	onset	/ˈsɪkˌstin/	[hɪ̽̃ʔstĩn]

dentalisation

cleft_28F (Female, 8;9)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	a sip	s	alveolar	onset	/aˈsɪp/	[aθ͢sːɪ̽̃p˺]
	a sore	s	alveolar	onset	/aˈsor/	[aθoᵊɹ]

diphthongisation when a phonemically monophthongal vowel is produced as a diphthong.

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	diamond ring	ʌ	open-mid back unrounded vowel	nucleus	/ˈdaemʌnˈdrɪŋ/	[tʰaemʌ̃ĩndʌ̃iŋ͡n]

dysfluency disruption of the flow of speech with hesitation, pause, repetition.

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	water	t	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˈwɔtər/	[wɔʔ(.)tʌɹ̥]

epenthesis insertion of an extra sound, often an unstressed vowel, and often between consonants in a cluster.

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	class	l	alveolar	onset	/klas/	[ʛᵊl̃ãːs]

flapping a sound is produced by first retroflexing the tongue, then striking the palatal arch with the subapical or apical part of the tongue.

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	iri	r	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˌiˈriː/	[iːʌɽiː]

fricated release release of a plosive consonant as a fricative.

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	bread	d	alveolar	coda	/brɛd/	[bʋɛ̃d̪θ]

fricative devoicing a phonemically voiced fricative is produced without voicing.

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	zebra	z	alveolar	onset	/ˈzɛbra/	[sɛbr͡wɐ]
	zoo	z	alveolar	onset	/zʉː/	[sʉː]

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	van	v	labiodental	onset	/van/	[q'fa̠ːn]

fricative simplification substitution of a dental consonant with a labiodental consonants (also known as TH-fronting/DH-fronting).

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	there	ð	dental	onset	/ðer/	[v̥ɛ̞̃ʌ̃]

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
teeth	θ	dental	coda	/tiθ/	[t̪ʰif]
that (one)	ð	dental	onset	/ˈðatˈwʌn/	[faʔwʌn͡m]
thigh	θ	dental	onset	/θae/	[fae]
thy	ð	dental	onset	/ðae/	[fae]

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	teeth	θ	dental	coda	/tiθ/	[tiːf]
	that	ð	dental	onset	/ðat/	[fːat']

fricative stopping

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	sheep	ʃ	postalveolar	onset	/ʃip/	[tʰiːpʰ]

fronting producing a speech sound (vowel or consonant) with a fronter tongue position than would be expected.

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	umbrella	ʌ	open-mid back unrounded vowel	nucleus	/ˌʌmbəˈrɛla/ /ˌʌmˈbrɛla/	[ɛbʌəʌ]

gesture undershoot/open pattern when the tongue fails to make contact with the hard palate when a lingua-palatal consonant or high vowel is expected.

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	ara	r	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˌaˈraː/	[aːð̞a̠ː]
	television	l	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˌtɛlɪˈvɪʒɪn/	[tɛɰedɪ̽vɪ]

gliding substition of a consonant with a glide [w], [j].

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	(on) their (bikes)	ð	dental	onset	/ðer/	[wɛ̃ᵊ]

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	feather	ð	dental	intervocalic	/fɛðər/	[fɛlˠʌʰ]

jod dropping deletion of the palatal approximant (jod).

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	human	j	palatal	onset	/ˈhjʉmɪn/	[hʉmɪ̽n̥]
	thankyou	j	palatal	onset	/ˈθaŋkˌjʉː/	[fãŋkʰʉː]

/l/ deletion deletion of the lateral approximant.

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	glove	l	alveolar	onset	/ɡlʌv/	[ɡʌːv̥]
	splash	l	alveolar	onset	/splaʃ/	[spa̠ːs]

/l/ vocalisation replacement of /l/ with a vowel.

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	eel	l	alveolar	coda	/il/	[iːjo]
	elephant	l	alveolar	onset	/ˈɛlɪˌfant/	[ɛəfaɪ̃n̥]

labiodental /r/ production of an approximant form of /r/ involving primarily the upper lip and lower incisors. N.B. this is a non-disordered variant of /r/ in some accents of British English.

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	rink	r	alveolar	onset	/rɪŋk/	[ʋɪ̽̃ŋk]

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	umbrella	r	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˌʌmbəˈrɛla/	[ʌmbəʋɛlˠɐ]

lateral lisp the airstream of a central fricative /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, also flows over one or both sides of the tongue, resulting in an [l]-like quality.

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	school	s	alveolar	onset	/skʉl/	[ʪ̠kʉ̃lʲ]

lateralisation replacement of a consonant with [l].

02SSD1M (Male, 10;1)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
dray	r	alveolar	onset	/dreː/	[dlʒɛɪ]
Rab	r	alveolar	onset	/rab/	[lʒ̟ab̥]
three	r	alveolar	onset	/θri/	[θɬ↓iː]

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	orange	r	alveolar	onset	/ˈɔrɪndʒ/	[ɔhɬɪ̽dⁿnz̥]

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	rye	r	alveolar	onset	/rae/	[lae]
	yellow	j	palatal	onset	/ˈjɛlo/	[ɭɛɻo]

cleft_28F (Female, 8;9)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	a shoot	ʃ	postalveolar	onset	/aˈʃʉt/	[aʪ̟ɵtˡ]
	a sock	s	alveolar	onset	/aˈsɔk/	[aʪ̟ɔk']

loss of grooving when a central fricative (e.g. [s] or [ʃ]) is produced without the central groove

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	fish	ʃ	postalveolar	coda	/fɪʃ/	[fɪ̽θ̠ ]
	fishing	ʃ	postalveolar	intervocalic	/ˈfɪʃɪŋ/ /ˈfɪʃɪn/	[fɪ̽θ̠ɪ̽ːn]

nasal escape pressurised air escapes via the nasal cavities and nose during the production of oral consonants.

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	sheep	p	bilabial	coda	/ʃip/	[ʃʰĩp͋]

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	orange	ʤ	postalveolar	coda	/ˈɔrɪndʒ/	[ɔːɻɪndʒ͋]

cleft_16M (Male, 9;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	two	t	alveolar	onset	/tʉː/	[tⁿʉ̃ː]

cleft_21M (Male, 9;1)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	a sea	s	alveolar	onset	/aˈsiː/	[as͋ĩː]
	a tip	t	alveolar	onset	/aˈtɪp/	[at͋ʰɪ̽̃p]

nasalisation (consonant) oral consonants have a nasal resonance due to partial lowering of the velum.

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	apple	l	alveolar	coda	/ˈapʌl/	[ãpʰə̃l̰̃]

nasalisation (vowel) oral vowels have a nasal resonance due to partial lowering or the velum.

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	egg	ɛ	front open-mid unrounded	nucleus	/ɛg/	[ɛ̞̃ɡ̥]

cleft_16M (Male, 9;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	a cheer	i	front close unrounded	nucleus	/aˈtʃir/	[ɐtʃĩᵊ̃ɹ]

palatal fronting a palatal or postalveolar consonant becomes alveolar.

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
fish	ʃ	postalveolar	coda	/fɪʃ/	[fɪ̽s]
fishing	ʃ	postalveolar	intervocalic	/ˈfɪʃɪn/ /ˈfɪʃɪŋ/	[fɪ̽s̪ɪ̽n]
kitchen	tʃ	postalveolar	intervocalic	/kɪtʃɪn/	[kʰɪ̽ʔs̪ɪ̽n͡m]
sheep	ʃ	postalveolar	onset	/ʃip/	[sːi̥\sip]
shy	ʃ	postalveolar	onset	/ʃae/	[sːae]
watch	tʃ	postalveolar	coda	/wɔtʃ/	[wɔʔsː]

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	asha	ʃ	postalveolar	intervocalic	/ˌaˈʃaː/	[asːaː]

palatalisation articulating a sound with the tongue front held close to the hard palate.

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	queen	w	labialvelar	onset	/kwin/	[kɥiː̃n̥]

cleft_28F (Female, 8;9)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	a shack	ʃ	postalveolar	onset	/aˈʃak/	[aç̟ãk']
	a tip	t	alveolar	onset	/aˈtɪp/	[ḁcɪ̽̃ʔ]

palatalisation/increased contact

cleft_16M (Male, 9;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	a she	ʃ	postalveolar	onset	/aˈʃiː/	[ɐç̟ĩː]
	a shock	ʃ	postalveolar	onset	/aˈʃɔk/	[a̰hːç̟ɔ̃kʼ]

plosive devoicing/aspiration production of a phonemically voiced plosive with aspiration.

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
aga	g	velar	intervocalic	/ˌaˈgaː/	[aːkʰaː]
peep	p	bilabial	onset	/pip/	[bip]
pep	p	bilabial	onset	/pɛp/	[pɛːb̥]
pig	p	bilabial	onset	/pɪɡ/	[bɪ̽ɡ̥]
pop	p	bilabial	onset	/pɔp/	[bɔːpʰ]

plosive excrescence the insertion of an extraneous consonant, usually through mechanical processes.

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	pingpong	ŋ	velar	coda	/ˈpɪŋˌpɔŋ/	[pʰɪ̽̃ŋq'pʰɔ̃ŋq']

/r/ deletion deletion of an /r/ segment.

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	(Katie) grows (cucumbers)	r	alveolar	onset	/ɡroz/	[ɡõz̥]

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
frog	r	alveolar	onset	/frɔɡ/	[fɔːkʰ]
strawberries	r	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˈstrɔˌbɛrez/	[stɔbeːɪz̥]
three	r	alveolar	onset	/θriː/	[fiː]
train	r	alveolar	onset	/tren/	[tʰẽːn̥]

/r/ gliding replacement of /r/ with a glide, usually [w].

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
(chicken) curry	r	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˈtʃɪkɪnˈkʌre/	[tʃɪ̃kɪ̽̃nkʰʌ̃w̃ẽ]
rocker	r	alveolar	coda	/ˈrɔkər/	[w̃ɔ̃kɐ̃]
string	r	alveolar	onset	/strɪŋ/	[stw̃ɪ̽̃ŋ]

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	rocker	r	alveolar	onset	/ˈrɔkər/	[wɔʔkʌɹ̥]
	rye	r	alveolar	onset	/rae/	[wae]

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	rabbit	r	alveolar	onset	/ˈrabɪt/	[wa̠ːbɪ̽ːtʰ]

/r/ stopping replacement of /r/ with a plosive consonant.

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	bird	r	alveolar	coda	/bʌrd/	[bʌɟː̚ɡə]

/r/ vocalisation replacement of /r/ with a vowel.

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
car	r	alveolar	coda	/kar/	[kʰɑ̃ɪ̃]
ear	r	alveolar	coda	/ir/	[ĩj̃ʌ̃]
girls	r	alveolar	coda	/ɡɪrlz/	[ɢɑ̃ːz̥]
tar	r	alveolar	coda	/tar/	[tʰɒ̃ɪ̃]

02SSD1M (Male, 10;1)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
chair	r	alveolar	coda	/tʃer/	[tʃɛʌ]
ear	r	alveolar	coda	/ir/	[iːjʌˤ]
feather	ð	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˈfɛðər/	[fɛ̞d̪ʌ]
poor	r	alveolar	coda	/pʉr/	[pʰʉʌ]
roar	r	alveolar	coda	/ror/	[lʒ̟oʌ]

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	gore	r	alveolar	coda	/ɡor/ /ˈɡoər/	[ɟoɐ]

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
bird	r	alveolar	coda	/bʌrd/	[bʌːd̥]
car	r	alveolar	coda	/kar/	[kʰɑː]
door	r	alveolar	coda	/dor/	[doːɐ]
ear	r	alveolar	coda	/ir/	[ijʌː]
oar	r	alveolar	coda	/or/	[ɔːʌˤ]

reduplication repetition of (usually the first) syllable in a disyllabic or polysyllabic word.

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	T.V.	t	alveolar	onset	/ˈtiːˌviː/	[tiv̥tiː]

retroflexion a non-retroflex consonant is produced with a retroflex tongue position.

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	splash	s	alveolar	onset	/splaʃ/	[ʂwas]

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
ala	l	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˌaˈlaː/	[aɽ̞a̠ː]
telly (Brit. slang television)	l	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˈtɛle/	[tɛ̝ʌɽe]
yellow	l	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˈjɛlo/	[ᵊlɛɐɭo]

spirantisation replacement of a non-fricative consonant with a fricative, often with the same place of articulation.

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	helicopter	k	velar	intervocalic	/ˌhɛlɪˈkɔptər/	[hɛ̃lˠə̃xɔ̃ptɐ]
	peaking	k	velar	intervocalic	/ˈpikɪŋ/	[pʰĩxɪ̃ŋ]

undifferentiated lingual gesture where a lack of differentiation between the tip/blade and the front or dorsum of the tongue leads to greater contact between the tongue and the hard palate that would be expected.

02SSD1M (Male, 10;1)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
arrow	r	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˈaro/	[aʒ̟o]
berry	r	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˈbɛre/	[bɛʒ̟ɛɪ]
carry	r	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˈkare/	[kʰa̠ʒ̟ɛɪ]
eerie	r	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˈiːre/	[iːʒ̟ɪi]
girl	r	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˈɡɪrʌl/ /ɡɪrl/	[ɡɪ̽ʝʌlˠ]
rate	r	alveolar	onset	/ret/	[ʒ̟ɛɪts]
ring	r	alveolar	onset	/rɪŋ/	[ʒɪŋ]
rye	r	alveolar	onset	/rae/	[ʒae]

velar fronting replacement of a velar consonant with one produced further forward in the vocal tract, e.g. palatal, postalveolar, alveolar or labial.

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
buggy	g	velar	intervocalic	/ˈbʌɡe/	[bʌd̪͆e]
crab	k	velar	onset	/krab/	[tw̥wab̥]
frog	g	velar	coda	/frɔɡ/	[fʋɔd]
gloves	g	velar	onset	/ɡlʌvz/	[dˡlʌv̥z̥]
helecopter	k	alveolar	intervocalic	/ˈhɛlɪˌkɔptər/	[hɛlətʰɔʔtʌʰ]
keep	k	velar	onset	/kip/	[tʰip]
packer	k	velar	intervocalic	/ˈpakər/	[pʰaʔtʌ]
pig	g	velar	coda	/pɪɡ/	[pʰɪ̽d̪]
queen	k	velar	onset	/kwin/	[tʃʷwin]
swing	ŋ	velar	coda	/swɪŋ/	[swɪ̽n]
thanks	k	velar	coda	/θaŋks/	[fants]
tiger	g	velar	intervocalic	/taeɡər/	[t̪ʰʌid̪ʌʰ]
yucky	k	velar	intervocalic	/ˈjʌke/	[jʌʔt̪͆e]

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	leg	g	velar	coda	/lɛɡ/	[lʲɛːd̥]

velopharyngeal friction a consonant is accompanied by a snorting sound due to velopharyngeal constriction and incomplete closure of the velum.

01SSD1M (Male, 6;0)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	giraffe	ʤ	postalveolar	onset	/dʒɪˈraf/	[ʤ͌ɪ̽̃ʋãːf]

cleft_21M (Male, 9;1)

Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
a core	k	velar	onset	/aˈkor/	[ak̃̃ʰõᵊ̃ɹ]
a cup	k	velar	onset	/aˈkʌp/	[ak̃̃ʰʌ̃p]
a tool	t	alveolar	onset	/aˈtʉl/	[at̃̃ʰʉ̃ᵊlˠ]

voicing perseveration continuation of voicing after the end of a consonant sound, often resulting in the production of an epenthetic unstressed vowel.

03SSD1F (Female, 8;7)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	ing	ŋ	velar	coda	/ɪŋ/	[ɪnːᵊ]

vowel rounding when a phonemically unrounded vowel is produced with lip rounding/protrusion.

04SSD2M (Male, 8;11)

	Word	Sound	Articulation	Position	Phonemic Target	Phonetic Transcription
	thumb	ʌ	open-mid back unrounded vowel	nucleus	/θʌm/	[fɔːm]

STAR Speech Therapy Animation and imaging Resource

Child speech-error database

affricate stopping replacement of an affricate with a plosive.

affrication replacement of a plosive with an affricate.

alveolar backing replacement of an alveolar consonant with a consonant with a backer place of articulation, e.g. palatal, velar, uvular etc.

assimilation (progressive partial)

assimilation (progressive) a consonant becomes like a sound that occurs later in the syllable/word.

assimilation (regressive) a consonant becomes, completely or partially, like a sound that occurred earlier in the syllable/word.

cluster reduction deletion of one or more consonants in a cluster.

consonant deletion deletion of a consonant segment.

consonant insertion insertion of a consonant segment.

deaffrication replacement of an affricate with a fricative.

debuccalisation replacement of an oral consonant with a glottal one, usually [h] or [ʔ].

dentalisation

diphthongisation when a phonemically monophthongal vowel is produced as a diphthong.

dysfluency disruption of the flow of speech with hesitation, pause, repetition.

epenthesis insertion of an extra sound, often an unstressed vowel, and often between consonants in a cluster.

flapping a sound is produced by first retroflexing the tongue, then striking the palatal arch with the subapical or apical part of the tongue.

fricated release release of a plosive consonant as a fricative.

fricative devoicing a phonemically voiced fricative is produced without voicing.

fricative simplification substitution of a dental consonant with a labiodental consonants (also known as TH-fronting/DH-fronting).

fricative stopping

fronting producing a speech sound (vowel or consonant) with a fronter tongue position than would be expected.

gesture undershoot/open pattern when the tongue fails to make contact with the hard palate when a lingua-palatal consonant or high vowel is expected.

gliding substition of a consonant with a glide [w], [j].

jod dropping deletion of the palatal approximant (jod).

/l/ deletion deletion of the lateral approximant.

/l/ vocalisation replacement of /l/ with a vowel.

labiodental /r/ production of an approximant form of /r/ involving primarily the upper lip and lower incisors. N.B. this is a non-disordered variant of /r/ in some accents of British English.

lateral lisp the airstream of a central fricative /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, also flows over one or both sides of the tongue, resulting in an [l]-like quality.

lateralisation replacement of a consonant with [l].

loss of grooving when a central fricative (e.g. [s] or [ʃ]) is produced without the central groove

nasal escape pressurised air escapes via the nasal cavities and nose during the production of oral consonants.

nasalisation (consonant) oral consonants have a nasal resonance due to partial lowering of the velum.

nasalisation (vowel) oral vowels have a nasal resonance due to partial lowering or the velum.

palatal fronting a palatal or postalveolar consonant becomes alveolar.

palatalisation articulating a sound with the tongue front held close to the hard palate.

palatalisation/increased contact

plosive devoicing/aspiration production of a phonemically voiced plosive with aspiration.

plosive excrescence the insertion of an extraneous consonant, usually through mechanical processes.

/r/ deletion deletion of an /r/ segment.

/r/ gliding replacement of /r/ with a glide, usually [w].

/r/ stopping replacement of /r/ with a plosive consonant.

/r/ vocalisation replacement of /r/ with a vowel.

reduplication repetition of (usually the first) syllable in a disyllabic or polysyllabic word.

retroflexion a non-retroflex consonant is produced with a retroflex tongue position.

spirantisation replacement of a non-fricative consonant with a fricative, often with the same place of articulation.

undifferentiated lingual gesture where a lack of differentiation between the tip/blade and the front or dorsum of the tongue leads to greater contact between the tongue and the hard palate that would be expected.

velar fronting replacement of a velar consonant with one produced further forward in the vocal tract, e.g. palatal, postalveolar, alveolar or labial.

velopharyngeal friction a consonant is accompanied by a snorting sound due to velopharyngeal constriction and incomplete closure of the velum.

voicing perseveration continuation of voicing after the end of a consonant sound, often resulting in the production of an epenthetic unstressed vowel.

vowel rounding when a phonemically unrounded vowel is produced with lip rounding/protrusion.